Colab Cloud (COLABCLOUD) | Stock Price History & Returns | 2022 - 2025
Chart
Table
Comparison
Returns
Calculator
FAQ
Colab Cloud Historical Price Chart
Colab Cloud Historical Price Data
| Date | Close | Change % | Open | High | Low | Volume |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 9, 2025 | ₹149.35 | -1.97% | ₹149.35 | ₹149.35 | ₹149.35 | 44.6K |
| May 8, 2025 | ₹152.35 | +1.97% | ₹152.35 | ₹152.35 | ₹152.35 | 272.6K |
| May 7, 2025 | ₹149.40 | +1.98% | ₹149.40 | ₹149.40 | ₹149.40 | 329.7K |
| May 6, 2025 | ₹146.50 | +1.98% | ₹146.50 | ₹146.50 | ₹146.50 | 355.8K |
| May 5, 2025 | ₹143.65 | +1.99% | ₹143.65 | ₹143.65 | ₹143.65 | 360.0K |
| May 2, 2025 | ₹140.85 | +1.99% | ₹140.85 | ₹140.85 | ₹140.85 | 362.4K |
| Apr 30, 2025 | ₹138.10 | +1.99% | ₹138.10 | ₹138.10 | ₹138.10 | 401.9K |
| Apr 29, 2025 | ₹135.40 | +2.00% | ₹135.40 | ₹135.40 | ₹135.40 | 322.7K |
| Apr 28, 2025 | ₹132.75 | +2.00% | ₹132.75 | ₹132.75 | ₹132.75 | 317.1K |
| Apr 25, 2025 | ₹130.15 | +2.00% | ₹130.15 | ₹130.15 | ₹130.15 | 477.2K |
| Apr 24, 2025 | ₹127.60 | +2.00% | ₹127.60 | ₹127.60 | ₹127.60 | 420.6K |
| Apr 23, 2025 | ₹125.10 | +2.00% | ₹125.10 | ₹125.10 | ₹125.10 | 291.4K |
| Apr 22, 2025 | ₹122.65 | +2.00% | ₹122.65 | ₹122.65 | ₹122.65 | 324.4K |
| Apr 21, 2025 | ₹120.25 | +1.99% | ₹120.25 | ₹120.25 | ₹120.25 | 294.2K |
| Apr 17, 2025 | ₹117.90 | +2.00% | ₹117.90 | ₹117.90 | ₹117.90 | 249.7K |
| Apr 16, 2025 | ₹115.59 | +1.99% | ₹115.59 | ₹115.59 | ₹115.59 | 295.3K |
| Apr 15, 2025 | ₹113.33 | +2.00% | ₹113.33 | ₹113.33 | ₹113.33 | 385.1K |
| Apr 11, 2025 | ₹111.11 | +1.99% | ₹111.11 | ₹111.11 | ₹111.11 | 221.6K |
| Apr 9, 2025 | ₹108.94 | +1.99% | ₹108.94 | ₹108.94 | ₹108.94 | 230.0K |
| Apr 8, 2025 | ₹106.81 | +2.00% | ₹106.81 | ₹106.81 | ₹106.81 | 230.7K |
| Apr 7, 2025 | ₹104.72 | +2.00% | ₹104.72 | ₹104.72 | ₹104.72 | 370.0K |
| Apr 4, 2025 | ₹102.67 | +2.00% | ₹102.67 | ₹102.67 | ₹102.67 | 317.8K |
| Apr 3, 2025 | ₹100.66 | +2.00% | ₹100.66 | ₹100.66 | ₹100.66 | 327.2K |
| Apr 2, 2025 | ₹98.69 | +1.99% | ₹98.69 | ₹98.69 | ₹98.69 | 368.7K |
| Apr 1, 2025 | ₹96.76 | +1.99% | ₹96.76 | ₹96.76 | ₹96.76 | 258.4K |
| Mar 28, 2025 | ₹94.87 | +2.00% | ₹94.87 | ₹94.87 | ₹94.87 | 257.2K |
| Mar 27, 2025 | ₹93.01 | +2.00% | ₹93.01 | ₹93.01 | ₹93.01 | 254.7K |
| Mar 26, 2025 | ₹91.19 | +1.99% | ₹91.19 | ₹91.19 | ₹91.19 | 267.4K |
| Mar 25, 2025 | ₹89.41 | +2.00% | ₹89.41 | ₹89.41 | ₹89.41 | 279.6K |
| Mar 24, 2025 | ₹87.66 | +1.99% | ₹87.66 | ₹87.66 | ₹87.66 | 292.0K |
| Mar 21, 2025 | ₹85.95 | +1.99% | ₹85.95 | ₹85.95 | ₹85.95 | 237.5K |
| Mar 20, 2025 | ₹84.27 | +2.00% | ₹84.27 | ₹84.27 | ₹84.27 | 193.1K |
| Mar 19, 2025 | ₹82.62 | +2.00% | ₹82.62 | ₹82.62 | ₹82.62 | 235.9K |
| Mar 18, 2025 | ₹81.00 | +1.99% | ₹81.00 | ₹81.00 | ₹81.00 | 216.1K |
| Mar 17, 2025 | ₹79.42 | +1.99% | ₹79.42 | ₹79.42 | ₹79.42 | 386.2K |
| Mar 13, 2025 | ₹77.87 | +1.99% | ₹77.87 | ₹77.87 | ₹77.87 | 402.5K |
| Mar 12, 2025 | ₹76.35 | +1.99% | ₹76.35 | ₹76.35 | ₹76.35 | 355.0K |
| Mar 11, 2025 | ₹74.86 | +1.99% | ₹74.86 | ₹74.86 | ₹74.86 | 237.0K |
| Mar 10, 2025 | ₹73.40 | +1.99% | ₹73.40 | ₹73.40 | ₹73.40 | 217.4K |
| Mar 7, 2025 | ₹71.97 | +2.00% | ₹71.97 | ₹71.97 | ₹71.97 | 242.6K |
| Mar 6, 2025 | ₹70.56 | +1.99% | ₹70.56 | ₹70.56 | ₹70.56 | 289.9K |
| Mar 5, 2025 | ₹69.18 | +1.99% | ₹69.18 | ₹69.18 | ₹69.18 | 205.5K |
| Mar 4, 2025 | ₹67.83 | +2.00% | ₹67.83 | ₹67.83 | ₹67.83 | 237.4K |
| Mar 3, 2025 | ₹66.50 | +1.99% | ₹66.50 | ₹66.50 | ₹66.50 | 199.9K |
| Feb 28, 2025 | ₹65.20 | +1.99% | ₹65.20 | ₹65.20 | ₹65.20 | 338.7K |
| Feb 27, 2025 | ₹63.93 | +1.99% | ₹63.93 | ₹63.93 | ₹63.93 | 274.1K |
| Feb 25, 2025 | ₹62.68 | +1.99% | ₹62.68 | ₹62.68 | ₹62.68 | 267.3K |
| Feb 24, 2025 | ₹61.46 | +1.99% | ₹61.46 | ₹61.46 | ₹61.46 | 277.3K |
| Feb 21, 2025 | ₹60.26 | +2.00% | ₹60.26 | ₹60.26 | ₹60.26 | 318.8K |
| Feb 20, 2025 | ₹59.08 | +1.99% | ₹59.08 | ₹59.08 | ₹59.08 | 310.8K |
| Feb 19, 2025 | ₹57.93 | +1.99% | ₹57.93 | ₹57.93 | ₹57.93 | 185.6K |
| Feb 18, 2025 | ₹56.80 | +1.99% | ₹56.80 | ₹56.80 | ₹56.80 | 195.9K |
| Feb 17, 2025 | ₹55.69 | +2.00% | ₹55.69 | ₹55.69 | ₹55.69 | 101.5K |
| Feb 14, 2025 | ₹54.60 | +2.00% | ₹54.60 | ₹54.60 | ₹54.60 | 189.1K |
| Feb 13, 2025 | ₹53.53 | +1.98% | ₹53.53 | ₹53.53 | ₹53.53 | 326.8K |
| Feb 12, 2025 | ₹52.49 | +1.98% | ₹52.49 | ₹52.49 | ₹52.49 | 314.6K |
| Feb 11, 2025 | ₹51.47 | +1.98% | ₹51.47 | ₹51.47 | ₹51.47 | 260.6K |
| Feb 10, 2025 | ₹50.47 | +1.98% | ₹50.47 | ₹50.47 | ₹50.47 | 170.7K |
| Feb 7, 2025 | ₹49.49 | +2.00% | ₹49.49 | ₹49.49 | ₹49.49 | 134.5K |
| Feb 6, 2025 | ₹48.52 | +2.00% | ₹48.52 | ₹48.52 | ₹48.52 | 331.9K |
| Date | Close | Change % | Open | High | Low | Volume |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 5, 2025 | ₹149.35 | +6.03% | ₹143.65 | ₹152.35 | ₹143.65 | 1.4M |
| Apr 28, 2025 | ₹140.85 | +8.22% | ₹132.75 | ₹140.85 | ₹132.75 | 1.4M |
| Apr 21, 2025 | ₹130.15 | +10.39% | ₹120.25 | ₹130.15 | ₹120.25 | 1.8M |
| Apr 14, 2025 | ₹117.90 | +6.11% | ₹113.33 | ₹117.90 | ₹113.33 | 930.0K |
| Apr 7, 2025 | ₹111.11 | +8.22% | ₹104.72 | ₹111.11 | ₹104.72 | 1.1M |
| Mar 31, 2025 | ₹102.67 | +8.22% | ₹96.76 | ₹102.67 | ₹96.76 | 1.3M |
| Mar 24, 2025 | ₹94.87 | +10.38% | ₹87.66 | ₹94.87 | ₹87.66 | 1.4M |
| Mar 17, 2025 | ₹85.95 | +10.38% | ₹79.42 | ₹85.95 | ₹79.42 | 1.3M |
| Mar 10, 2025 | ₹77.87 | +8.20% | ₹73.40 | ₹77.87 | ₹73.40 | 1.2M |
| Mar 3, 2025 | ₹71.97 | +10.38% | ₹66.50 | ₹71.97 | ₹66.50 | 1.2M |
| Feb 24, 2025 | ₹65.20 | +8.20% | ₹61.46 | ₹65.20 | ₹61.46 | 1.2M |
| Feb 17, 2025 | ₹60.26 | +10.37% | ₹55.69 | ₹60.26 | ₹55.69 | 1.1M |
| Feb 10, 2025 | ₹54.60 | +10.33% | ₹50.47 | ₹54.60 | ₹50.47 | 1.3M |
| Feb 3, 2025 | ₹49.49 | +10.37% | ₹45.73 | ₹49.49 | ₹45.73 | 897.9K |
| Jan 27, 2025 | ₹44.84 | +12.52% | ₹40.64 | ₹44.84 | ₹40.64 | 784.9K |
| Jan 20, 2025 | ₹39.85 | +10.33% | ₹36.83 | ₹39.85 | ₹36.83 | 2.1M |
| Jan 13, 2025 | ₹36.12 | +10.32% | ₹33.39 | ₹36.12 | ₹33.38 | 1.1M |
| Jan 6, 2025 | ₹32.74 | +10.31% | ₹30.27 | ₹32.74 | ₹30.27 | 541.1K |
| Dec 30, 2024 | ₹29.68 | -9.54% | ₹32.16 | ₹32.16 | ₹29.68 | 179.9K |
| Dec 23, 2024 | ₹32.81 | +5.87% | ₹32.53 | ₹34.15 | ₹29.50 | 867.2K |
| Dec 16, 2024 | ₹30.99 | +27.48% | ₹25.52 | ₹30.99 | ₹25.52 | 186.4K |
| Dec 9, 2024 | ₹24.31 | +27.54% | ₹20.01 | ₹24.31 | ₹20.01 | 135.0K |
| Dec 2, 2024 | ₹19.06 | +26.14% | ₹15.72 | ₹19.06 | ₹15.28 | 320.9K |
| Nov 25, 2024 | ₹15.11 | +17.59% | ₹13.44 | ₹15.12 | ₹12.50 | 773.1K |
| Nov 18, 2024 | ₹12.85 | -14.62% | ₹15.75 | ₹15.75 | ₹12.68 | 50.5K |
| Nov 11, 2024 | ₹15.05 | -1.51% | ₹14.60 | ₹15.30 | ₹13.68 | 198.1K |
| Nov 4, 2024 | ₹15.28 | +16.91% | ₹13.65 | ₹16.66 | ₹13.36 | 241.7K |
| Oct 28, 2024 | ₹13.07 | +9.19% | ₹11.75 | ₹13.07 | ₹11.38 | 598.6K |
| Oct 21, 2024 | ₹11.97 | -3.39% | ₹12.64 | ₹13.05 | ₹11.75 | 752.1K |
| Oct 14, 2024 | ₹12.39 | -9.56% | ₹13.70 | ₹14.00 | ₹12.05 | 318.9K |
| Oct 7, 2024 | ₹13.70 | +20.18% | ₹10.83 | ₹14.19 | ₹10.83 | 177.1K |
| Sep 30, 2024 | ₹11.40 | -17.21% | ₹14.45 | ₹14.45 | ₹11.40 | 579.6K |
| Sep 23, 2024 | ₹13.77 | +1.55% | ₹13.29 | ₹13.77 | ₹13.03 | 261.7K |
| Sep 16, 2024 | ₹13.56 | -9.42% | ₹14.68 | ₹14.68 | ₹13.56 | 25.6K |
| Sep 9, 2024 | ₹14.97 | +5.94% | ₹14.41 | ₹15.27 | ₹14.41 | 35.1K |
| Sep 2, 2024 | ₹14.13 | -5.86% | ₹14.71 | ₹14.71 | ₹13.86 | 140.7K |
| Aug 26, 2024 | ₹15.01 | -9.47% | ₹16.25 | ₹16.25 | ₹15.01 | 34.9K |
| Aug 19, 2024 | ₹16.58 | +11.20% | ₹15.64 | ₹17.25 | ₹14.30 | 274.2K |
| Aug 12, 2024 | ₹14.91 | +3.33% | ₹15.10 | ₹15.10 | ₹13.45 | 394.3K |
| Aug 5, 2024 | ₹14.43 | -11.31% | ₹16.41 | ₹16.52 | ₹14.26 | 242.9K |
| Jul 29, 2024 | ₹16.27 | -0.18% | ₹16.62 | ₹16.91 | ₹16.25 | 335.6K |
| Jul 22, 2024 | ₹16.30 | +9.03% | ₹14.86 | ₹16.31 | ₹14.86 | 89.0K |
| Jul 15, 2024 | ₹14.95 | +1.70% | ₹14.75 | ₹14.95 | ₹14.61 | 360.3K |
| Jul 8, 2024 | ₹14.70 | -2.39% | ₹14.76 | ₹15.00 | ₹14.46 | 267.0K |
| Jul 1, 2024 | ₹15.06 | -9.44% | ₹16.30 | ₹16.30 | ₹15.06 | 38.8K |
| Jun 24, 2024 | ₹16.63 | +11.09% | ₹15.71 | ₹17.30 | ₹15.66 | 1.7M |
| Jun 17, 2024 | ₹14.97 | +21.31% | ₹12.12 | ₹14.97 | ₹11.81 | 826.1K |
| Jun 10, 2024 | ₹12.34 | -9.46% | ₹13.36 | ₹13.36 | ₹12.34 | 196.6K |
| Jun 3, 2024 | ₹13.63 | -9.44% | ₹14.75 | ₹14.75 | ₹13.63 | 55.7K |
| May 27, 2024 | ₹15.05 | -9.45% | ₹16.29 | ₹16.29 | ₹15.05 | 14.9K |
| May 20, 2024 | ₹16.62 | -7.67% | ₹18.00 | ₹18.00 | ₹16.62 | 16.8K |
| May 13, 2024 | ₹18.00 | +4.11% | ₹17.40 | ₹18.40 | ₹17.40 | 316.2K |
| May 6, 2024 | ₹17.29 | -1.14% | ₹18.36 | ₹18.50 | ₹17.29 | 313.0K |
| Apr 29, 2024 | ₹17.49 | +21.46% | ₹15.12 | ₹17.49 | ₹15.12 | 261.9K |
| Apr 22, 2024 | ₹14.40 | -12.73% | ₹16.60 | ₹16.60 | ₹14.16 | 606.9K |
| Apr 15, 2024 | ₹16.50 | -9.44% | ₹17.31 | ₹17.31 | ₹16.15 | 1.0M |
| Apr 8, 2024 | ₹18.22 | -7.65% | ₹19.34 | ₹19.34 | ₹18.22 | 40.6K |
| Apr 1, 2024 | ₹19.73 | -9.50% | ₹21.37 | ₹21.37 | ₹19.73 | 34.1K |
| Mar 25, 2024 | ₹21.80 | +5.83% | ₹21.00 | ₹21.80 | ₹21.00 | N/A |
| Mar 18, 2024 | ₹20.60 | -89.10% | ₹192.70 | ₹192.70 | ₹19.60 | N/A |
| Date | Close | Change % | Open | High | Low | Volume |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 1, 2025 | ₹149.35 | +8.15% | ₹140.85 | ₹152.35 | ₹140.85 | 1.7M |
| Apr 1, 2025 | ₹138.10 | +45.57% | ₹96.76 | ₹138.10 | ₹96.76 | 6.1M |
| Mar 1, 2025 | ₹94.87 | +45.51% | ₹66.50 | ₹94.87 | ₹66.50 | 5.0M |
| Feb 1, 2025 | ₹65.20 | +48.28% | ₹44.84 | ₹65.20 | ₹44.84 | 4.5M |
| Jan 1, 2025 | ₹43.97 | +39.50% | ₹30.89 | ₹43.97 | ₹29.68 | 4.6M |
| Dec 1, 2024 | ₹31.52 | +108.60% | ₹15.72 | ₹34.15 | ₹15.28 | 1.5M |
| Nov 1, 2024 | ₹15.11 | +21.37% | ₹12.99 | ₹16.66 | ₹12.50 | 1.3M |
| Oct 1, 2024 | ₹12.45 | -6.25% | ₹12.95 | ₹14.19 | ₹10.83 | 2.0M |
| Sep 1, 2024 | ₹13.28 | -11.53% | ₹14.71 | ₹15.27 | ₹13.03 | 841.2K |
| Aug 1, 2024 | ₹15.01 | -9.58% | ₹16.65 | ₹17.25 | ₹13.45 | 1.1M |
| Jul 1, 2024 | ₹16.60 | -0.18% | ₹16.30 | ₹16.91 | ₹14.46 | 981.8K |
| Jun 1, 2024 | ₹16.63 | +10.50% | ₹14.75 | ₹17.30 | ₹11.81 | 2.7M |
| May 1, 2024 | ₹15.05 | -5.17% | ₹16.66 | ₹18.50 | ₹15.05 | 808.2K |
| Apr 1, 2024 | ₹15.87 | -27.20% | ₹21.37 | ₹21.37 | ₹14.16 | 1.8M |
| Mar 1, 2024 | ₹21.80 | -86.55% | ₹165.30 | ₹192.70 | ₹19.60 | N/A |
| Feb 1, 2024 | ₹162.10 | +51.06% | ₹109.45 | ₹162.10 | ₹109.45 | N/A |
| Jan 1, 2024 | ₹107.31 | +57.81% | ₹66.12 | ₹107.31 | ₹62.26 | N/A |
| Dec 1, 2023 | ₹68.00 | +32.27% | ₹53.30 | ₹68.98 | ₹49.98 | N/A |
| Nov 1, 2023 | ₹51.41 | -10.44% | ₹54.53 | ₹56.25 | ₹46.02 | N/A |
| Oct 1, 2023 | ₹57.40 | +42.22% | ₹40.06 | ₹63.94 | ₹36.05 | N/A |
| Sep 1, 2023 | ₹40.36 | -12.72% | ₹42.33 | ₹44.60 | ₹38.11 | N/A |
| Aug 1, 2023 | ₹46.24 | +2.30% | ₹45.35 | ₹51.75 | ₹42.13 | N/A |
| Jul 1, 2023 | ₹45.20 | -21.89% | ₹55.00 | ₹60.74 | ₹43.98 | 18.6K |
| Jun 1, 2023 | ₹57.87 | +4.84% | ₹54.90 | ₹64.44 | ₹48.80 | 76.1K |
| May 1, 2023 | ₹55.20 | -24.45% | ₹69.41 | ₹74.95 | ₹50.63 | 26.1K |
| Apr 1, 2023 | ₹73.06 | +52.11% | ₹48.03 | ₹73.06 | ₹48.03 | 75.7K |
| Mar 1, 2023 | ₹48.03 | -26.05% | ₹64.95 | ₹64.95 | ₹46.70 | 55.7K |
| Feb 1, 2023 | ₹64.95 | -4.27% | ₹71.20 | ₹71.20 | ₹61.00 | 3.5K |
| Jan 1, 2023 | ₹67.85 | +35.70% | ₹50.00 | ₹76.55 | ₹45.30 | 381.9K |
| Dec 1, 2022 | ₹50.00 | -4.76% | ₹51.25 | ₹54.00 | ₹44.65 | 190.3K |
| Nov 1, 2022 | ₹52.50 | 0.00% | ₹45.85 | ₹52.50 | ₹42.50 | 100.4K |
| Date | Close | Change % | Open | High | Low | Volume |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | ₹149.35 | +373.83% | ₹30.89 | ₹152.35 | ₹29.68 | 21.9M |
| 2024 | ₹31.52 | -53.65% | ₹66.12 | ₹192.70 | ₹10.83 | 13.1M |
| 2023 | ₹68.00 | +36.00% | ₹50.00 | ₹76.55 | ₹36.05 | 637.6K |
| 2022 | ₹50.00 | 0.00% | ₹45.85 | ₹54.00 | ₹42.50 | 290.8K |
How Colab Cloud Performed Against the Market & Sector
Stock (...):
Loading...
Market (...):
Loading...
Sector (...):
Loading...
Colab Cloud Stock Price Returns VS Peers By Period
Comparative Returns (%)
| Color indicator | Stock | 1Y | 3Y | 5Y | 10Y | 15Y | 20Y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No peer comparison data available. | |||||||
Calculate Your Colab Cloud Investment Returns
Long-Term Investment Performance Analysis
Colab Cloud stock price in Nov 2022 was ₹46.40, A ₹1,000.00 lump sum investment in Colab Cloud made 2 years ago would be worth approximately ₹3,218.75 today, representing a outstanding return of 221.88%. This translates to an annualized return (CAGR) of 56.82%.
2 Years 7 Months Investment Scenario (Nov 2022 - Jun 2025)
Initial Investment
₹1,000.00
Current Value
₹3,218.75
Total Return
221.88%
Annual Return (CAGR)
56.82%
Shares Owned
Investment Breakdown
Investment Composition
Value Comparison
Customize Your Investment Scenario
Adjust the parameters below to see how different investment amounts and timeframes would have performed.
Disclaimer: This calculator is for informational purposes only and does not consider taxes, fees, or other costs associated with investing. Past performance does not guarantee future results.
Frequently Asked Questions
- How has Colab Cloud (COLABCLOUD) stock performed during last 12 months?
Over the last 12 months, Colab Cloud has delivered a total return of 763.8%.
- 52-Week High reached INR152.35 on May 8, 2025.
- 52-Week Low touched INR10.83 on October 7, 2024.
- Current Price trading at INR149.35 as of August 23, 2025.
- What is Colab Cloud's (COLABCLOUD) total stock return over the past 5 years?
Over the past 5 years, investing INR10,000.00 in Colab Cloud (colabcloud) would have grown to approximately INR32,188.00 as of August 23, 2025, representing a total return of 221.9%.
This represents a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26.3% over the 5-year period.
- How does Colab Cloud's Stock 10-year annualized return compare to the Financial Services sector?
Colab Cloud (colabcloud) has delivered an annualized return of 12.4% over the past 10 years.
To illustrate: INR10,000.00 invested in Colab Cloud would have grown to INR32,188.00 over this 10-year period.
This performance should be compared against other companies in the Financial Services sector to understand relative performance.
- What was Colab Cloud's best-performing year historically?
Colab Cloud (colabcloud) has achieved its strongest performance over the 12 months period, delivering a total return of 763.8%.
- What is the longest period of consecutive yearly growth Colab Cloud has achieved historically?
Colab Cloud (colabcloud) shows the following performance across different time periods:
Positive Returns: 12 months (+763.8%), 3 years (+221.9%), 5 years (+221.9%), 10 years (+221.9%)
This represents strong consistency in delivering positive returns across different time horizons.
For more common questions about our data, please visit our About Data page.
Data is provided for informational purposes only. Devyara does not guarantee the accuracy of the data displayed.